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A MacBook pro just went for under two hundred bucks
- From: "80 Inch HDTV 388.84" <JasmineGross at mail5 dot huhdey dot com>
- To: <cygwin at cygwin dot com>
- Date: Tue, 13 Nov 2012 12:26:52 -0800
- Subject: A MacBook pro just went for under two hundred bucks
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European left-wing political circles, this sort of move
towards federalist ideas was argued as a reaction to the destructive excesses of nationalism. The ideological underpinnings for
a united Europe can thus be traced to the hostility of nationalism: "If a post war order is established in which each State retains its complete national sovereignty, the basis for a
Third World War would still exist even after the Nazi attempt to establish the domination of the German race in Europe has been frustrated" (founding meeting of the MFE). Federalist advocateAfter the war, Spinelli, leading the federalist MFE, played a vanguard role in the early
episodes of European integration, criticising the small steps approach and the dominance
of intergovernmentalism, feeling even that the chance to unite Europe had been missed as sovereign states were re-established without any common bond other than the
functionalist OEEC and the largely symbolic Council of Europe. Even the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was felt to be too sectoral. The MFE
believed governments alone would never relinquish their
national power without popular pressure. They advocated a European constituent assembly to draft a
European Constitution.This approach eventually had a response from governments when they set up the "ad hoc assembly" of 19523. It was Spinelli who persuaded Italian Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi to insist in the negotiation of the
European Defence Community
(EDC) treaty on a provision for a
parliamentary assembly to draw up plans for placing the EDC, the ECSC and any other development within a global constitutional framework to "replace the present provisional organization" with "a subsequent federal or confederal structure based on the
principle of the separation of powers and having, in particular, a
two-chamber system of representation". The Assembly was invited to submit its proposals within six months of its constitutive meeting following the entry into force of the
EDC
treaty. In fact, the Foreign Ministers, meeting three months after the signature of
the EDC treaty, invited the ECSC Assembly immediately
to draft a "treaty constituting a European Political Authority" without waiting for ratification of the EDC Treaty.Spinelli played a significant role in advising the drafting of the Assembly's proposal for a European "Statute". However, the failure of France to ratify the EDC treaty meant it was all to no immediate avail. Some of
its ideas, however, were taken
up in subsequent events. European politicianFollowing the crisis of the failure
of the EDC, the "re-launch" under the Paul-Henri Spaak committee, which led to the 1958 EEC Treaty. Spinelli, recognising that the EEC institutions were the only real existing form of European integration, but still considering that they were insufficient
and that they lacked a democratic legitimacy, embarked on a "long march through the institutions". In 1970, he was nominated by the Italian government to be a member of the European Commission from 1970 to 1976, taking responsibility for industrial policy in order to develop European policies in a new field.Spinelli decided to run in the first direct elections to the European Parliament in 1979. He did so as an independent candidate on the list of the Italian Communist Party, which by then had become a Eurocommunist party and was keen to have prominent independent figures to
stand on its list
of candidates. He was elected and used the position to urge the first elected parliament to use
its
democratic legitimacy to propose a radical reform of the European Community, to transform it into a
democratic European state.To this end, he began to gather like-minded Members of the European
Parliament around him, taking care to involve Members from different political groups. An initial
meeting at the "Crocodile" restaurant in Strasbourg set up
the "Crocodile Club", which, once it was of sufficient size, tabled a motion
for Parliament to set up a special committee (eventually established in
January 1982 as the Committee on
Institutional
Affairs, with Spinelli as General Rapporteur) to draft a proposal for a new treaty on union.The
idea was that the European
Parliament
should act as a constituent assembly,
although Spinelli was prepared
to make compromises
on the way to secure broad majorities behind the process. On
14 February 1984, the European Parliament adopted his report and approved the Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union. The decision was taken with 237 votes for and 31 against (43 abstentions).Spinelli's project was soon buried
by the governments of the
member
states. However, it provided an impetus for the negotiations which led to Single European
Act of 1986 and the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. This happened with the help of
several National parliaments, which adopted resolutions approving the Draft Treaty,
and of French
President
Franois Mitterrand who, following a meeting with Spinelli, came
to the European
Parliament to speak in favour of its approach, thereby reversing France's policy (since Charles De Gaulle) of hostility to anything but an intergovernmental approach to Europe. This momentum was enough to obtain the support
of a majority of national governments to trigger the treaty revision procedure. ReceptionAlthough the resultant treaties fell short of what Spinelli would have liked, his efforts did trigger a new momentum in
European
integration, including a major increase in the powers of the European Parliament within the EU system. In honour of his work, the largest
building of
the
European Parliament complex in Brussels was named after him.On 15 September 2010 under the name Spinelli Group an initiative
was founded to reinvigorate the strive
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